Season chicken breasts with salt and pepper. In a large skillet over medium-high heat, cook chicken in olive oil until golden and cooked through, about 6 minutes per side. Let rest, then slice thinly.
In the same skillet, melt butter over medium heat. Add sliced onions and cook, stirring occasionally, until softened and golden, about 10 minutes. Stir in brown sugar and balsamic vinegar; cook for 2 more minutes until caramelized.
In a small bowl, mix mayonnaise, ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, and garlic powder to make the sauce.
Preheat broiler. Place bottom halves of sub rolls on a baking sheet. Spread sauce on both halves. Divide sliced chicken among bottoms, top with caramelized onions, then a slice of provolone. Broil until cheese melts, about 1-2 minutes.
Close subs with top halves and serve immediately.
Tips
To save time, use pre-cooked rotisserie chicken.
Substitute provolone with mozzarella or Swiss if desired.
Leftover chicken and onions can be stored separately for up to 3 days.